The four stories of Jesus' life, and the Book of Acts, which covers immediately after Jesus' life.
The Gospels are a collection of four distinct accounts that narrate the life, teachings, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. These texts, attributed to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, serve as foundational documents for Christian doctrine and belief. Also included in this section is also the Book of Acts, which is considered a sequel to the Gospel of Luke, written by the same writer, and covers the Apostles immediately after the death of Jesus.
From a secular perspective, scholars believe none of these were written by the author it shares a title with. Still, the Gospels are important historical and literary sources that shed light on the cultural, social, and religious ideas of the ancient Mediterranean world during the 1st century CE.
Scholars generally agree that Mark's Gospel was likely the first to be written, dating around 70 CE. Matthew and Luke, written later, are believed to have used Mark's Gospel as a source, alongside a common collection of sayings and teachings known as the Q source. John's Gospel, considered the latest among the four, is distinct in its theological emphasis and narrative style.
These texts are religious narratives but also reflect the diverse theological perspectives and literary styles of their respective authors. The Gospels were written in Greek, the common language of the Eastern Mediterranean at the time, and their authors addressed specific audiences with distinct interests and concerns. For example, Matthew's Gospel emphasizes Jesus as the fulfillment of Jewish prophecies, while Luke's Gospel is characterized by its focus on social justice and inclusivity.
From a historical standpoint, the Gospels provide insights into the political and cultural context of the Roman-ruled territories, offering glimpses into the daily lives of people, religious practices, and the interactions between different communities. While the Gospels are foundational for Christian faith, a secular examination acknowledges them as significant historical and literary documents that contribute to our understanding of the ancient world.